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Objective To analyze the factors influencing the levels of occupational exposure in medical radiation workers in China, and to provide a scientific basis for determining the key points of radiation protection in the medical sector. Methods The individual monitoring data on occupational external exposure in medical radiation workers in 2021 were collected from the “National Individual Dose Registry”. The Chi-squared test and logistic regression were used to analyze the factors influencing the levels of occupational exposure in medical radiation workers. Results The Chi-squared test showed that gender, occupational category, medical institution category, region, number of radiation workers per thousand population, and regional per capita GDP were significantly associated with occupational exposure in medical radiation workers exceeding the annual effective dose of 5 mSv and an annual effective dose limit of 20 mSv (χ2 = 21.456−262.329, 7.601−78.650, P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis further showed that gender, occupational category, region, and number of radiation workers per thousand population were factors influencing the occupational exposure in medical radiation workers exceeding the annual effective dose of 5 mSv (χ2 = 14.621−170.857, P < 0.05); gender, occupational category, region, and regional per capita GDP were factors influencing the occupational exposure in medical radiation workers exceeding the annual effective dose of 20 mSv (χ2 = 5.401−48.709, P < 0.05). Conclusion Male radiation workers in interventional radiology and in central China have high risks of exceeding annual effective doses of 5 and 20 mSv. Moreover, high number of radiation workers per thousand population and regional per capita GDP are associated with low risks. Medical institutions should maintain a sufficient number of radiation workers and strengthen training on radiation protection knowledge for male and interventional radiology workers to enhance their radiation protection awareness. Investigation of the factors contributing to the high occupational exposure in central China should be intensified, and targeted effective measures should be conducted to reduce the occupational exposure in medical radiation workers.
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Objective:To analyzes the current status of radiation protection in non-medical sectors, together with the vulnerable spots in the prevention and control of occupational radiation sickness in China in order to provides both technical basis for occupational health management in non-medical radiation sectors and the better protection of occupational health benefits for radiation workers.Methods:The monitoring plan for this survey was worked out on the part of the National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC. Survey and monitoring of the current status of radiation protection and occupational health management were, under the monitoring the plan, completed by the relevant agencies of all provincial-level regions for the key industries of non-medical sectors countrywide, involving occupational health monitoring, personal dose monitoring, radiation protection monitoring instruments equipped, and radiation protection monitoring in workplace. Based on the survey result , the deficiencies in radiation protection and occupational health monitoring in non-medical sectors were analyzed.Results:The survey of non-medical sectors was divided into general investigation and detailed monitoring, with the general investigations covering 9 075 non-medical institutions in 31 provincial-level regions across the country. Of them, a total of 4 911 institutions within 329 district-level regions received detailed investigation and radiation protection monitoring. As survey result , the X, γ ambient dose equivalent rates for the institutions using ray-generator are greater than 2.5 μSv/h, about 2.35% of the total, with a maximum of 817 μSv/h. The values for those using radioactive sources were greater than 2.5 μSv/h, about 9.57%, with a maximum of 1 700 μSv/h. The frequencies of personal dose monitoring and occupational health examination were 72.9% and 82.1%, respectively.Conclusions:There is still a gap in radiation protection between the current status and the national regulations and standards in non-medical sectors, so both regulation and management of radiation protection should be further strengthened.
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Objective:To analyze the dose range distribution of abnormal result, the distribution of occupational categories, the incidence of abnormal result of different occupational categories, the causes of abnormal result and the factors influencing abnormal values, on the basis of investigated abnormal result of individual monitoring for occupationally external exposure, in order to provide the scientific basis for the formulation of the relevant regulations and standards and the hospital radiation protection management.Methods:The abnormal result of 389 radiation workers in medical institutions receiving annual individual doses each exceeding 1.25 mSv, reported in 2017 in 19 provinces, were collected and analyzed.Results:Dose distribution range of abnormal result were mainly between 1.25 and 5 mSv; diagnostic radiology workers accounted for the highest fraction, 59.64% of the totals; and interventional radiology workers had the highest incidence, 4.17‰ of abnormal result. The abnormal result was mainly caused by improper wearing or operating personal dosimeters; the abnormal values in the eastern regions were higher than those in other regions, with a median of 6.41 mSv; the abnormal values in the cause-unknown group was higher than those in other groups, with a median of 10.32 mSv.Conclusions:The publicity and training of radiation protection knowledge should be further strengthened to improve the protection awareness of radiation workers. The occupational exposure of interventional radiology workers should receive special attention.
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Objective:To investigate the levels of dose to eye lens of interventional radiology workers in China from 2017 to 2019.Methods:The monitoring data on eye lens doses to the interventional radiology workers in 28 provinces across the country were collected from National Individual Dose Registry. Monitoring was carried out using TLDs on their left eyes and evaluated in terms of the personal dose equivalent Hp(3). By using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test, statistical analyses were made of the average annual lens doses to interventional radiology workers in the hospitals of different types at different levels for different years. Results:From 2017 to 2019, the data on eye lens doses to 2 981 interventional radiology workers were collected, with doses ranging from below the minimum detectable level (MDL) to 64.48 mSv, the average annual eye dose of 1.38 mSv, and the annual doses incurred by 0.97% monitored workers exceeding the recently recommended dose limits, 20 mSv per year. The average annual lens dose monitored in general hospitals and in cancer hospitals were 1.33 and 1.77 mSv, respectively, without statistically significant difference ( P>0.05). The average annual lens dose in tertiary hospitals was 1.39 mSv, significantly higher than that in secondary hospitals where the value was 1.16 mSv ( Z=2.894, P<0.05). Conclusions:The estimated annual eye lens doses to the interventional radiology workers during 2017-2019 were in accordance with the current national standard GB 18871-2002, but with a few exceptions exceeding the current international standards. This means that there exists, to a certain degree, a potential risk for the eye lens in this work category to exceed the international limits. It is suggested to continue in effort to enhance the monitoring of eye lens dose for these workers and to increase risk awareness, and take effective protective measures so as to lower the level of eye lens doses.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of occupational health monitoring on radiation workers in national medical institutions in 2018. METHODS: Through the National Radiation Health Information Platform Subsystem Occupational Radiation Diseases and Occupational Health Monitoring System, the monitoring data including the overview of radiological diagnosis and treatment institutions, occupational health management, and occupational health examination information across the country were collected for analysis in 2018. RESULTS: In 2018, there were a total of 55 902 radiological diagnosis and treatment institutions with 353 141 radiation workers nationwide. The radiation dose monitoring rate on individuals and hospitals was 94.6%(334 222/353 141) and 97.3%(91 051/93 559), respectively. The rate of health examination was 84.6%(298 914/353 141) and 95.4%(87 031/91 244) respectively.The monitoring rate on chromosomal aberration in peripheral blood lymphocytes was 0.3% in radiation workers. The rate of opacity under the posterior lens capsule was 4.3% and the rate of thyroid nodules was 25.7% in interventional radiology and nuclear medicine workers. CONCLUSION:s The personal dose monitoring rate and occupational health examination rate of radiation workers in medical institutions in China are maintained at a relatively high level. However, monitoring attention should also be paid to the analysis of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes, the examination of eye lens and thyroid gland.
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Objective:To investigate the allocation of radiation protection equipment and status of radiological protection management for radiation workers in hospitals nationwide.Methods:A descriptive analysis was conducted of the data reported from the investigated hospitals based the data for 2019 available from the National Radiological Health Information Platform.Results:A total of 3 806 hospitals were investigated in 2019, including 609 tertiary hospitals, 1 421 secondary hospitals, 1 776 primary and ungraded hospitals. Large differences had been shown in the number of radiation workers in different grade hospitals. The average number of radiation workers were found to be, respectively, 99 in tertiary hospitals, 19 in secondary hospitals, 2 in primary and/or ungraded hospitals. Interventional radiology and nuclear medicine workers were equipped seperately with 0.40 and 0.43 pieces of lead apron, 0.27 and 0.31 lead caps, 0.38 and 0.45 lead rubber neck sleeves, 0.18 and 0.08 pairs of lead rubber gloves and 0.31 and 0.22 pairs of lead glasses. No personal alarming dosimeter was available in 15.25% hospitals where radiotherapy was performed, nor radiation surveillance meter in 27.90% such hospitals. In the hospitals considered, 88.13% workers were granted the Radiation Worker Cetificate and 83.69% received the on-the-job radiation protection training. The number of monitored workers accounted for 99.20%, of which 0.40% received the personal annual dose Hp(10)≥20 mSv. The occupational health surveillance files that had been completed reached 98.05% of the total and the on-the-job radiation workers who had passed the occupational health examination made up to 96.00%. It was advised that, of 76 627 radiation workers who received the 2019 health examination, 0.88% should get out of radiation work for the being time and 0.11% should not continue for this work. Conclusions:The considerably large proportion of radiation workers in China have received individual dose monitoring and occupational health examination. Radiological diagnosis and therapy departments should enlarge the allocation of radiation monitoring and personal protection equipment for radiaton workers in their hospitals.
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Objective@#To develop occupational radiation disease and occupational health monitoring system for radiation workers in order to identify the current status of occupational health management of radiation workers in China.@*Methods@#In compliance with the relevant laws, regulations and standards in China, the system design was completed according to wide variety of needs.@*Results@#An occupational health monitoring system for radiation workers was initially established. The system consisted of four modules and three levels of users to make sure.@*Conclusions@#Through the collection of data, some key risk points existing in radiology diagnosis and treatment have been identified in relation to occupational radiation disease, so as to provide scientific basis for health administrative department to carry out decision-making and revision of laws and regulations.
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Objective@#To construct a national radiological health information platform, in order to collect and analyze radiological health monitoring and survey data, so as to improve data utilization and ensuring technology support to radiological health.@*Methods@#In accordance with China′s relevant laws, regulations and regulations, a national radiological health information platform was designed, developed and operated in response to the needs of radiological health monitoring, scientific research and management.@*Results@#The system was initially established in 2015, consisting of five business modules: medical radiation protection, personal dose, occupational health, food radioactivity monitoring and occupational radiological disease reporting. In the past 4 years, the system has been running normally and 5 business databases have been established. More than 8 million data of monitoring and survey have been collected. More than 1 400 terminal users have good experiences and frequent interactions.@*Conclusions@#The successful construction of the national radiological health information platform not only promotes and standardizes the network direct reporting of radiological health monitoring and investigation business data, but also provides analytical and utilization tools for technical institutions/personnel on radiological health, and gradually becomes an important scientific basis and database for the development of radiological health laws, regulations and standards in China as well as for national health service.
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Objective To develop occupational radiation disease and occupational health monitoring system for radiation workers in order to identify the current status of occupational health management of radiation workers in China. Methods In compliance with the relevant laws, regulations and standards in China, the system design was completed according to wide variety of needs. Results An occupational health monitoring system for radiation workers was initially established. The system consisted of four modules and three levels of users to make sure. Conclusions Through the collection of data, some key risk points existing in radiology diagnosis and treatment have been identified in relation to occupational radiation disease, so as to provide scientific basis for health administrative department to carry out decision-making and revision of laws and regulations.
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Objective To construct a national radiological health information platform, in order to collect and analyze radiological health monitoring and survey data, so as to improve data utilization and ensuring technology support to radiological health. Methods In accordance with China′s relevant laws, regulations and regulations, a national radiological health information platform was designed, developed and operated in response to the needs of radiological health monitoring, scientific research and management. Results The system was initially established in 2015, consisting of five business modules: medical radiation protection, personal dose, occupational health, food radioactivity monitoring and occupational radiological disease reporting. In the past 4 years, the system has been running normally and 5 business databases have been established. More than 8 million data of monitoring and survey have been collected. More than 1400 terminal users have good experiences and frequent interactions. Conclusions The successful construction of the national radiological health information platform not only promotes and standardizes the network direct reporting of radiological health monitoring and investigation business data, but also provides analytical and utilization tools for technical institutions/ personnel on radiological health, and gradually becomes an important scientific basis and database for the development of radiological health laws, regulations and standards in China as well as for national health service.
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Objective To analyze 20 indicators for the evaluation of medical radiation protection monitoring in 31 provinces,municipalities or autonomous regions in 2017 and provide technical support and reference for further optimization of medical radiation protection monitoring projects.Methods According to " medical radiation protection monitoring assessment score sheet for medical and health institutions",a full range of analysis and evaluation was carried out of medical radiation protection monitoring and implementation at nationwide medical and health institutions by using fuzzy combined method of TOPSIS and rank sum ratio.Results TOPSIS method and rank sum ratio weighted fuzzy joint analysis showed that the top three indicators,in descending order,were management of provincial implementation plans,management of project leaders in various cities and management of funds whereas the lowest three indicators were completion of radiotherapy equipment commissioning,innovation and highlights and tcoverage of radiotherapy equipment.Conclusions The fuzzy combined application of TOPSIS method and rank sum ratio method can provide the comprehensive quantitative result for the implementation of medical radiation protection monitoring in 2017,objectively evaluate the implementation of various indicators,summarize the highlights and bottlenecks of work in 2017,and provide technical support and reference for further optimization of medical radiation protection monitoring.
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Objective To analyze the changes in distribution of occupational radiation cases reported from 2013 to 2017 in China and learn about the occupational health risks of radiation workers.Methods Descriptive analyses were made of regional distribution,disease category distribution,occupation category distribution and exposure mode distribution of these cases,according to the reports (2013-2017) of occupational radiation sickness from " Occupational Health of Radiation Workers Management System".Results There were 54 diagnostic radiology agencies for occupational radiation sickness in China that covered all provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities except Tibet and Production and Construction Corps of Xinjiang.A total of 106 new cases were reported from 2013 to 2017.Most of the cases were radiogenic neoplasm (43.40％),and chronic radiation sickness were from external exposure (16.98％) and radiation cataract (16.04％).Most of the cases (70.75％) were engaged in medical application and a small part of the cases (13.21％) engaged in industry application.Chronic exposure (80.19％) was the most frequent form of exposure mode,but acute exposure (5.66％) was very few.A part of cases (14.15％) were reported without exposure mode.Conclusions The morbidity of occupational radiation sickness declined generally in China and occupational health management of key workers should be strengthened continuously.
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Objective To understand the dosimetric performance of energy differential type dosimeter.Methods A differential type dosimeter (CTLD-J4000) was chosed to conduct a series of dosimetric performance tests,including linear standard curves,relative response to mean photon radiation energy and incidence angle.Results The linear correlation of CTLD-J4000 energy differential dosimeter was good,with the average photon radiation energy response deviation within ± 20％ and the maximum incidence angle response deviation of 10％.The energy identification could be achieved according to the energy reference value provided by the manufacturer to a certain extent.Conclusions Further experiments are needed to find out the factors influencing measurement result from different dose values and incidence angles.
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Objective To study the dose-effect relationship and time-effect relationship of T cell receptor (TCR) gene mutation induced by γ-rays in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood.Methods Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 10 healthy adults and lymphocytes were separated.Four samples from males used to fit time-effect curve were exposed to γ-rays at the doses of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,and 5.0 Gy,respectively,and 6 samples from 3 males and 3 females used to fit dose-effect curves were exposed to γ-rays of the dose of 2 Gy.Flow cytometry was used to detect the mutation frequency of TCR gene (TCR MF).Radiation dose-effect curves and time-effect curves were fitted and optimal mathematical models were selected respectively.Results The optimal mathematical model for radiation dose-effect was quadratic equation model:TCR MF = 92.14 + 22.61D2 (R2adj = 0.65).The optimal mathematical model for radiation time-effect was quadratic polynomial equation model:TCR MF = 3.74 + 743.66T + 308.64T2 (R2adj = 0.79).Conclusions TCR MF is increased as the γ-rayirradiation dose increases within the range of 0-5 Gy,and TCR MF is increased with the lapse of time within the range of 4 days after γ-ray radiation.
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Objective To study the relationship between lung ventilation function of workers exposed to rare earth dust and their IL-2,IL-6 and TNF-α gene polymorphism.Methods TNF-α gene polymorphism were identified by RFLP-PCR,IL-2 and IL-6 gene polymorphisms were identified by PCR-CTPP analysis.Lung ventilation function was deteced by instrument of ventilation function.Results Compared with controls,there was no statistic significance in frequencies distribution of TNF-α gene polymorphism(X2=4.03,P＞0.05),IL-2 gene polymorphism(X2=2.21,P＞0.05)and IL-6 gene polymorphism(X2=1.05,P＞0.05).Compared with IL-2 gene wild type,IL-2 homozygote type increased the risk of lung ventilation dysfunction by 4.29 folds(95% CI 1.09～16.9).Conclusions Compared with controls,incidence of ventilation function of workers exposed to rare earth dust is in ascending trend.IL-2(G/G)gene type induces more serious inflammation reaction than the others.
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Objective To study the effect of thorium and rare earth mixed dust on chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of occupational exposed worker8.Methods Analyses of unstable chromosome aberrations on 53 occupational exposed worker8 and 58 control workers were carried out by the conventional Giemsa staining method.Fluorescence in situ hybridization method Wills performed to analyze the chromosome stable aberrations on 10 occupational exposed workers and 10 control workers.Results The frequencies of chromosomal aberration cells,dicentfics plus rings,total aberrations in exposed workers were significantly higher than those in controls.No significant difference was found in the frequency of acentric aberrations between exposed and non-exposed workers.No significant difference was found in the frequency of translocations between exposed and non-exposed workers.Conclusions Chronically occupational exposure to thorium and rare earthmixed dust can increase the induction of unstable chromosome aberration,but the increase of stable chromosome aberrations(translocation)can not be observed.
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Objective To study biologic effect of high radon exposure in non-uranium miners by measurements of serum levels of 1L-2, IL-6 and TNF-u and study on their gene polymorphism. Methods Serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-αin the miners selected from a Yunnan-based copper mine were measured by ABC-ELISA. TNF-α (-308,G→A) genotypes were identified by RFLP-PCR, IL-2 (-330, T→G) genotypes by sequence analysis. Results Compared the miners with its control group, there were no statistical significance of the concentrations of serum IL-2 (F=0.71, P>0.05), IL-6 (F=1.09, P>0.05) and TNF-α(F=0.95,P>0.05). Frequencies of IL-2 (-330, T→G) genotypes (X2=0.02, P>0.05) and TNF-α(-308, G→A) genotype (x2= 2.21, P>0.05) were shown no statistical significance too. Conclusions Compared with the control group, concentrations of serum IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-n in miners working in the copper mine was lower, frequencies of genotypes of TNF-o (-308,A/A) was higher in the miners. But all the differences were not statistical significant.